Preobrazhenskoye and Sokolniki: From a Royal Estate and Mock Regiments to an Urban Park

Preobrazhenskoye and Sokolniki lie side by side in eastern Moscow, yet belong to distinct historical territories. Preobrazhenskoye developed as a palatial, military and administrative centre, associated with Alexei Mikhailovich and the young Peter I. The Sokolniki grove served as a royal falconry ground before eventually becoming a public city park with avenues radiating out in a fan.

On the right bank of the Yauza stood a palace, military training grounds and the fortress of Pressburg; the institutions of the future Russian state also began to take shape there. To the north and east stretched forests, roads and hunting grounds. Later administrative boundaries obscured the former proximity of these areas, so the modern map must be compared with plans from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries.

How to Read the Map of Preobrazhenskoye and Sokolniki

The boundaries of historic Preobrazhenskoye do not coincide with those of the present-day municipal district. The palace estate stood by the Yauza, approximately where Korolenko and Kolodeznaya Streets are today. The Khapilovka River, now channelled through an underground culvert, connected the area with a large pond and the estate’s working grounds. Preobrazhenskaya Square took shape later and was not the only centre of the early settlement.

Sokolniki likewise extends beyond the boundaries of the present-day park. Historically, the name referred to groves, settlements, fields and roads. The Senate decree ordering an earthen ditch and rampart around Moscow was issued on 10 June 1742; heritage records date the construction of the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart to 1742–1747. Today’s Sokolnichesky Val Street follows its course. The northern part of the parkland merges with the forests of Losiny Ostrov, while its southern edge faces dense urban development.

Historical plans reveal several overlapping layers: the royal estate, military settlements, an Old Believer centre, factory estates, dacha plots and the park. Scale, labels and boundaries vary from one document to another, so the same names may refer to different territories in different years. Historical and cultural heritage assessments help distinguish documented boundaries from later attributions.

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich's Royal Estate

Preobrazhenskoye is known as the country residence of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The palace was first mentioned in 1661. The complex stood on the right bank of the Yauza and included wooden residential and service buildings, gardens, ponds and places of worship. The residence supported the daily life of the tsar's family and its extensive household..

After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1676, the estate was used by Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna and her son Peter. During the regency of Sophia Alekseyevna, Preobrazhenskoye became their permanent refuge and, at the same time, a place where the young tsarevich learned the art of warfare. Later accounts distinguish between the Old Palace and the newer buildings erected near the soldiers’ settlements.

The wooden buildings left almost no visible traces, while the course and banks of the Yauza changed repeatedly. Researchers reconstruct the locations of the chambers, service buildings and gardens using cadastral records, drawings, archaeological evidence and old maps. The present-day street layout, former bodies of water and property boundaries help reveal how the vanished estate was arranged.

The ‘Comedy Hall’: Russia's First Court Theatre

In 1672, The Play of Artaxerxes was performed at Preobrazhenskoye, an event associated with the beginnings of professional court theatre in Russia. At the initiative of Alexei Mikhailovich and with the involvement of the boyar Artamon Matveyev, the production was prepared by Pastor Johann Gottfried Gregorii. A special wooden theatre known as the “Comedy Chamber” was built for the performances.

The audience consisted of the tsar and his court; the general public had no access to the performance. Around sixty performers took part. According to the Culture.RF portal, the entire didactic historical drama—comprising a prologue, seven acts and interludes—lasted about ten hours. The production combined a biblical story, court ceremony, music and stagecraft that was new to the Moscow court.

The Comedy Hall became Russia’s first court theatre. Before 1672, Russia had folk performances, skomorokh entertainment and school drama; a public urban stage emerged later. After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1676, regular performances ceased, and the wooden building did not survive.

Peter the Great, the Toy Regiments and Presburg

In 1683, the ‘toy troops’ were still men assembled for war games and target practice in Preobrazhenskoye and neighbouring Semyonovskoye. Over the following years, their training acquired a permanent organisation, commanders, artillery and engineering duties. A regular regimental structure took shape gradually.

In the autumn of 1684, construction began on the Preshburg earthwork fortress on the right bank of the Yauza. Its ramparts and bastions were used to practise assaults, defence, fortification building and the handling of artillery. The name echoed European military geography, while the fortress served a practical purpose: it was a military training ground.

The Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky Regiments grew out of the ‘toy troops’. Sources date the transition from a court unit to a regimental organisation differently, so it is more accurate to describe it as a process spanning the late 1680s and early 1690s. The regiments were named after the places where they were stationed and later became the nucleus of the Guards and a mainstay of Peter the Great’s army.

The Tsar himself studied military arts here. In documents and later regimental tradition, he appears under the name Pyotr Mikhailov, advances through the ranks, takes part in exercises and masters artillery. Foreign models and invited specialists complemented this practical training. The Tsar’s involvement in training the units linked Preobrazhenskoye to the early phase of military reform.

From the Toy Troops Office to the Preobrazhensky Prikaz

The village’s administrative role grew out of its support for military training units. In the mid-1680s, the Amusement Office operated here, overseeing supplies and the organisation of military exercises. Under Prince Fyodor Romodanovsky, the institution gradually acquired new powers and became known as the Preobrazhensky Prikaz.

The office oversaw the Guards regiments, certain administrative matters and political investigations. Following the Streltsy uprising of 1698, an investigation was conducted in Preobrazhenskoye. A personal decree issued by the Tsar on 25 September 1702 ordered that anyone declaring “word and deed” — that is, reporting crimes against the state — be sent there. In 1718, Tsarevich Alexei was interrogated in Preobrazhenskoye.

A palace, military school and investigative body coexisted in the same place. Under Fyodor Romodanovsky, Peter’s personal court acquired a permanent administrative apparatus, which handled military administration and political investigations. The reforms went hand in hand with extraordinary powers and the persecution of the authorities’ opponents.

By the end of the 17th century, European diplomacy was also being conducted in Preobrazhenskoye. On 11 November 1699 according to the Old Style calendar, or 21 November according to the New Style, an alliance against Sweden was concluded here between Peter I and Augustus II, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.

How the Toy Troops Became the Guards

The Preobrazhensky Regiment grew out of Peter’s military school in Moscow, while campaigns beyond the village cemented its status as a Guards regiment. In the 1690s, the toy troops acquired a permanent complement, a regimental structure and formal command. They took part in the Kozhukhovo Campaign of 1694 and the Azov campaigns, where their training methods were put into practice under combat conditions.

During the Grand Embassy of 1697–1698, Peter was officially listed as a non-commissioned officer in the Preobrazhensky Regiment and used the service name Pyotr Mikhailov. During the journey, he studied shipbuilding, artillery and military organisation. The regiment’s history views this European phase as a continuation of the training begun on the Yauza.

At the Battle of Narva in November 1700, the Russian army suffered a crushing defeat. The Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky Regiments maintained order during the retreat and escaped total destruction. This episode reinforced their status as Guards regiments, but also revealed the limitations of the early reforms: the army lacked well-trained commanders, adequate supplies and effective coordination.

After Narva, Peter accelerated the recruitment and training of new units, the development of artillery and the production of weapons. During the Great Northern War, the Preobrazhensky Regiment operated far beyond Moscow. Preobrazhenskoye retained its barracks, administrative institutions and the memory of its origins.

The birthplace of the Guards sheds light on the regiment’s formation and its early training system, while its later campaigns belong to the broader military history of Russia. Once the unit had left the capital, any association between it and a particular building requires separate evidence. The district’s name acquired nationwide significance because the regiment was formed there.

How the Royal Village Became an Industrial Outskirt

After the political centre moved to St Petersburg, Preobrazhenskoye’s role as a royal residence declined. The military settlements, roads and water system laid the foundations for crafts and manufacturing. By the end of the 18th century, manufactories had appeared, and in the 19th century factory development became concentrated along the Khapilovka and the main transport routes.

The river’s water was needed by dye works, textile mills and other enterprises, which at the same time degraded its sanitary condition. The large Khapilovsky Pond survived until 1931, after which it disappeared and the river was channelled into an underground conduit. Following this work, streets and dense development concealed the waterways that had once determined where the factories were built.

One of the notable enterprises was the Nosov family’s fine-cloth factory. In the early 20th century, its machinery was powered by a water turbine that remained in operation until 1910. In 1915, the Provodnik Partnership, a manufacturer of rubber goods, was evacuated from Riga, and work began on its Moscow factory at the mouth of the Khapilovka, designed by Georgy Yevlanov. After construction was halted during the revolutionary years, Georgy Shikhanov simplified the design and completed the factory in the 1920s. Elektrozavod began operating in these buildings as an electrical engineering enterprise in 1928.

Railway sidings, industrial buildings and workers’ settlements transformed the scale of the area. From the late 1950s through to the 1970s, mass housing construction added large neighbourhoods and new arterial roads. The topography of the Tsarist era survives only in fragments, which must be viewed in relation to the later industrial and residential development.

The Church on Preobrazhenskaya Square: Several Buildings in Place of One

The present Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord was built in the 21st century on the historic site. The parish’s official history dates the original wooden church to the mid-18th century: its side chapel was consecrated in 1747 and the high altar in 1750. Construction of the stone building began later; sources date its foundation to 1768 and its completion or consecration to the decades that followed.

The complex was repeatedly rebuilt and extended. On the night of 18 July 1964, the building was demolished by an explosion. The blast destroyed the above-ground architecture of the 18th and 19th centuries; part of the foundations was preserved during subsequent construction work.

The reconstructed church was consecrated on 8 May 2015. The project by restoration architect Igor Rusakomsky drew on measurements, photographs and archival materials. The above-ground structures date from the 21st century; part of the original foundations can be seen in the basement..

In 2015, a memorial entitled “To the Guardsmen of the Preobrazhensky Regiment”, designed by architect Andrei Obolensky, was erected in the park on Preobrazhenskaya Square. Moscow’s catalogue of urban sculpture lists granite and gilding as its materials. The church and obelisk form a modern memorial ensemble, while authentic traces of the old estate are scattered across a wider area.

Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery and the Old Believer Centre

The history of Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery dates back to 1771, when burial grounds were established beyond the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart during Moscow’s plague epidemic, away from the densely populated city. The merchant Ilya Kovylin, one of the leaders of the Fedoseevtsy denomination, founded a community here, along with almshouses and prayer houses.

By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a large Old Believer complex had taken shape. Heritage protection documents list a stone cemetery chapel dating from 1783–1785, the Dormition Prayer House, dated to 1792 in the inventories, a hospital ward dating from 1798, and gateway buildings dating from 1804 and 1806. Attributions vary: the state register associates the ensemble with Matvey Kazakov and individual buildings with Fyodor Sokolov, sometimes tentatively. There are no grounds for attributing the entire complex to a single architect.

The Old Believer community at Preobrazhenskoye was a centre of religious, charitable and economic life. Its shelters took in orphans and the elderly, the community maintained a hospital, and a network of Moscow merchants provided financial support. State policy shifted between tolerance and restriction; some premises were sealed, transferred to adherents of Edinoverie or adapted for new uses.

The site contains surviving monuments from different faiths and eras. The official page of the State Budgetary Institution Ritual specifically mentions the military burial memorial with Moscow’s first Eternal Flame. The necropolis and the buildings of the Old Believer centre form a unified historical complex, where the architecture should be considered in relation to the particular community and period.

The Fedoseevtsy belong to the priestless branch of the Old Believer tradition. A prayer house, a chapel and an Orthodox parish church therefore denote different types of building. The terms used for them depend on the period and the community’s religious affiliation.

Falconry Grove: Hunting, Service Communities and Place Names

Historical and cultural assessments link the name Sokolniki to the tsars’ practice of falconry and the settlements inhabited by those who served the hunt; they also confirm that the groves were used during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Popular accounts claiming that Ivan the Terrible hunted in this area lack precise documentary evidence and therefore cannot establish a starting date for the park’s history.

The forest was divided by roads and clearings long before municipal improvements began. They provided access and facilitated economic activities and hunting. Around the turn of the 18th century, the route of Maysky Prosek took shape; tradition associates it with Peter the Great’s outings and May festivities in the German Quarter. Heritage protection documents cite this account of the name’s origin but do not credit the tsar with designing the entire later layout.

The grove bordered arable land, settlements and the roads to Yaroslavl and Bogorodskoye. In the 18th century, the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart separated the city from its outskirts and established the southern boundary of the future parkland. Before systematic landscaping began, Sokolniki remained a transitional zone between the city and the forest.

Who Created Sokolniki’s Radial Layout?

The radial layout took shape in stages. The Maysky clearing predated the park’s formal design. In 1801, the architect Vasily Stasov drew up a plan for a festive space for the coronation celebrations of Alexander I. Stasov’s design marked one stage in bringing order to the grove; the present-day park emerged later.

By the 1840s, maps already clearly showed the fan of radial clearings. These were later widened, landscaped and planted with trees, while connecting paths were added between the radiating avenues. The Great Circle linked them together, while a cross road facilitated movement within the woodland. The names of the First, Second and subsequent Luchevye clearings reflect this system.

Different clearings were planted with different species of trees. Planning and conservation documents mention birch, elm, oak, maple, ash and conifers. The trees were replanted after storms, felling and reconstruction work, so the age of a tree today does not correspond to the age of the avenue’s alignment. The spatial layout and the tradition of planting particular species are of historical value.

The hurricane of 1904 caused serious damage to the grove and necessitated restoration work. In the 20th century, an entrance square, pavilions, sports facilities and utility networks were added to the historic layout. The present-day fan of clearings evolved from roads, woodland management and projects of different eras.

From Pleasure Grove to City Park

In the 19th century, Sokolniki became a popular destination for excursions into the countryside among Muscovites. The grove hosted summer festivities and tea parties, with music playing and holiday retreats developing nearby. Moscow's horse-drawn tram opened in 1872, and historical records relating to Sokolniki confirm that by 1875 it was already possible to travel there by tram. In the early 20th century, horse-drawn services on this route were replaced by electric trams.

In 1878, the city acquired Sokolnichya Grove and designated it as a public space. This purchase provides the clearest administrative date for the park's creation. The date of 1873, cited in some anniversary publications, reflects a different dating tradition.

Summer houses, restaurants and entertainment venues sprang up along the edge of the grove. The country house of the merchant Smirnov was built in 1915 to a design by Dmitry Markov. The wooden Church of St Tikhon of Zadonsk was built between 1863 and 1875 to designs by Pyotr Zykov and Ivan Semyonov; subsequent renovations altered some of its details.

Radial promenades lay alongside wooded areas, bodies of water and ravines. The conservation records mention the Putyaevskiye and Olenyi Ponds, Golden Pond, Wolf Valley and roads linking Sokolniki with the forests to the north. Together, these features integrate the park into a broader natural and urban framework.

The Soviet Park: Metro, Exhibition and a New Scale

On 16 May 1931, Sokolniki was designated a municipal centre for culture and recreation, and the park was named after People's Commissar Andrei Bubnov. Architects Alexei Karra and Ivan Petrov developed the grounds with activity areas, pavilions, sports facilities and organised festivities. The new programme retained the old fan-shaped network of clearings while giving the space new functions.

In 1935, Sokolniki station opened as part of the first line of the Moscow Metro. The park gained a rapid connection to the city centre, and reaching it no longer depended on the tram or a journey out to the suburbs. The main entrance and central avenue began to accommodate the large influx of visitors.

On 1 October 1941, the park was closed to the general public. Enterprises and forestry operations continued on its grounds, while the park itself was used to support the war effort. After the war, it was reconstructed, its structures were restored and spaces were prepared for major exhibitions.

In the summer of 1959, Sokolniki hosted the American National Exhibition. On 24 July, the exhibition house was the setting for the famous exchange between Nikita Khrushchev and US Vice President Richard Nixon, which became known as the ‘Kitchen Debate’. The exhibition opened to the public on 25 July, ran for 43 days and, according to US diplomatic documents, attracted approximately 2.5 to 3 million visitors. The organisers used the project as an instrument of public diplomacy, introducing Soviet audiences to American goods and technology.

One of the exhibition’s most memorable symbols was a geodesic dome made of golden anodised aluminium. A contemporary American report, published in the Congressional Record on 11 September 1959, gives its diameter as 200 feet and its height as 78 feet—60.96 and 23.77 metres respectively; a retrospective account by the Sokolniki complex gives dimensions of 64 metres in diameter and 30 metres in height. The structure had no internal supporting columns, while the information centre was designed to accommodate up to 5,000 visitors an hour.

The Moscow Department of Cultural Heritage report distinguishes between two buildings: the Sokolniki Palace of Sports, built in 1973 with seating for 11,000 spectators, and the Palace of Sports Games, built in 1974 with an indoor football pitch. References to festivals and Spartakiads in the document concern the park as a whole. The report does not link the opening of the 1974 building to any particular Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR.

Soviet-era development preserved the fan-shaped network of clearings while adding architecture designed for mass leisure. As a result, the park’s layout brought together a woodland grove, nineteenth-century promenades, cultural venues from the 1930s, and an exhibition and sports complex dating from the second half of the twentieth century.

What the Historical Map Reveals in 2026

As of 1 September 2026, the historical layers of the former royal village remain visible in several parts of the modern city. The banks of the Yauza are associated with the royal estate and Presburg; the area around Preobrazhenskaya Square with the regiments, the church and later urban development; and the cemetery complex preserves the buildings of the Old Believer centre dating from the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

The area’s industrial past is evident in its large factory buildings, railway lines and the street pattern around the former Khapilovka. The large-scale residential development of the second half of the twentieth century left gaps between its historic landmarks. These gaps reveal how industrial Moscow absorbed the suburban village.

The historic layout is most clearly preserved in Sokolniki. Radial clearings fan out from the main entrance, intersecting the Big Circle and a series of cross-routes. The documented boundaries of the protected area encompass approximately 566 hectares, connecting the city park with a larger expanse of woodland.

Individual buildings and memorial sites date the different layers: the Church of St Tikhon of Zadonsk belongs to the nineteenth-century dacha culture, the Smirnov Dacha to the early twentieth century, and the exhibition layout to the 1950s.

Historical plans set the limits of precision. Lost wooden structures can be located only within the areas supported by old maps and archaeological evidence; the modern administrative boundary does not reconstruct the seventeenth-century estate. The documents allow us to distinguish between an established site, a probable location and a later tradition.

Which conclusions stand up to scrutiny against the map

A historical map becomes evidence only when compared with written documents. A plan records a road, body of water or estate boundary, but does not always name the owner or the construction date. A heritage protection document brings together archival information and modern surveying data, although it sometimes retains an earlier attribution with a question mark. For Preobrazhenskoye and Sokolniki, the reliability of a conclusion depends on combining these sources.

Level of evidence for the key historical layers

Site or layer	What the documents confirm	What can and cannot be seen in 2026
Old Preobrazhensky Palace	The earliest known reference dates from 1661; official records locate the palace complex on the right bank of the Yauza, around the present-day Korolenko and Kolodeznaya streets.	The wooden chambers have been lost. The modern street indicates the general search area, but not the footprint of any particular building.
The ‘Comedy Chamber’	The court production of The Play of Artaxerxes was performed in Preobrazhenskoye in 1672; the drama, with a prologue, seven acts and interludes, lasted about ten hours.	The building has not survived, and its precise site cannot be identified without specific archaeological evidence.
Pressburg	The Moscow Kremlin Museums date the start of construction of the training fortress to the autumn of 1684 and place it on the right bank of the Yauza.	No above-ground fortifications remain. A later memorial association is no substitute for plans and archaeological evidence.
Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart	The Senate issued a decree on 10 June 1742; heritage protection documents date its construction to 1742–1747 and describe the rampart as an administrative and customs boundary.	Its line can be traced along Sokolnichesky Val and Oleny Val streets, but the present-day street profiles took shape after the earthworks were demolished.
Preobrazhensky Almshouse	The complex arose after the plague of 1771. Inventories record buildings dating from 1783–1811 as well as later structures; the various sections differ in the certainty of their architectural attribution.	A group of buildings, walls and gates has survived. The religious affiliation determines the precise name of each structure.
Sokolniki’s radial clearings	Maysky Prosek predates Vasily Stasov’s 1801 design; the fan of clearings is clearly recorded on plans from the 1840s, while later projects added circular and transverse connections.	The radial layout can be seen directly, but the age of individual trees is not the same as the age of the avenue’s alignment.
Municipal park	Heritage protection documents identify the Moscow City Council’s purchase of the grove in 1878 as the administrative milestone in the creation of the public park.	Anniversary chronologies also use other dates associated with a different commemorative tradition; the purchase document records the administrative milestone.
Provodnik and Elektrozavod	In 1915, Georgy Yevlanov designed the Moscow factory of the Riga-based Provodnik company. Georgy Shikhanov completed the buildings in the 1920s; Elektrozavod opened in 1928.	The Gothic Revival motifs belong to the original design, while the simplified sections date from its Soviet-era completion. The name Elektrozavod cannot be applied to the 1915 design without qualification.
American Exhibition	Diplomatic documents date the opening to 25 July 1959. The Congressional Record gives the dome’s diameter as 200 feet, or 60.96 metres; the official history of the Sokolniki centre gives 64 metres.	The dome has been lost. The difference between the measurements means that the source of the figure must be specified; the layout of the exhibition area does not recreate the 1959 exhibition.

Three levels of certainty

Documented fact

The date of a decree, agreement, opening or construction stated in a primary document or the current state register.

Scholarly attribution

A conclusion about authorship or location based on a combination of plans and archival records. A question mark in the register indicates a probable rather than definitive attribution.

Later tradition

An anniversary date, a legend about the origin of a name or a memorial association. It is important to the city’s collective memory, but does not establish the location of a lost building.

A source that identifies only the general area does not establish the precise site of a lost structure. Likewise, the name of a celebrated architect in an ensemble’s record applies only to the buildings for which the register gives that attribution.

First, the plan’s date and scale are established, followed by stable reference points: the Yauza, the line of the rampart, the clearings and the old roads. The surviving buildings are then compared. Modern addresses provide coordinates for the research, but do not prove that the boundaries have remained unchanged since the seventeenth century.

Two areas and one historical question

Preobrazhenskoye and Sokolniki illustrate two ways in which imperial domains were incorporated into Moscow. By the Yauza, the palace residence gave rise to military and administrative institutions; an Old Believer centre and industry later developed nearby. In Sokolniki, the hunting and managed woodland gradually acquired public, recreational and exhibition functions.

The historical connection between these areas can be traced through the era of Tsars Alexei Mikhailovich and Peter I, the Yauza River, the roads and the eastern outskirts of old Moscow. The palace-and-sloboda part of the city developed through urban blocks and industry, while the park retained a large expanse of woodland and a fan-shaped network of clearings. These differences preclude combining the two histories into that of a single estate.

The modern layout has preserved the lines established by the former landscape. The palace has vanished, but its estate influenced the streets and place names; the Khapilovka River was channelled underground, but shaped the industrial belt; and hunting tracks became promenades. This historical layer is evident in the arrangement of urban blocks, waterways and clearings.

You can continue exploring the story of Preobrazhenskoye on the ground with the tour offered by the Moscow Through the Eyes of an Engineer bureau ‘Preobrazhenka’. Its theme is directly connected with Peter I, the regiment and the Old Believer centre, while Sokolniki remains a distinct subject of study.

Sources

1. Peter the Great. The Regency of Tsarevna Sophia — Moscow Kremlin Museums
2. Peter the Great. Glorious Deeds — Moscow Kremlin Museums
3. Peter the Great. The Great Northern War — Moscow Kremlin Museums
4. The Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky Regiments — Presidential Library
5. The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye of 1699 — Presidential Library
6. When and where did Russia’s first theatre appear? — Culture.ru
7. The First Russian Theatrical Performances — Culture.ru
8. Preobrazhensky Prikaz — Great Russian Encyclopaedia
9. Personal Decree of 25 September 1702 — Russian Historical Society
10. Historical and Cultural Assessment Report for the Preobrazhenskoye Area — Moscow Government
11. Historical and Cultural Assessment Report for the Baev House — Moscow Government
12. Historical and Cultural Assessment Report for Krasnobogatyrskaya Street — Moscow Government
13. Historical and Cultural Assessment Report for Preobrazhensky Val — Moscow Government
14. History of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord in Preobrazhenskoye
15. Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery — GBU Ritual
16. Historical and Cultural Study of the Old Believer Complex — Moscow Government
17. Historical and Cultural Expert Assessment Report for 1st Bukhvostova Street — Moscow Government
18. Historical and Cultural Expert Assessment Report for Sokolniki Park — Moscow Government
19. Historical and Cultural Expert Assessment of Sokolniki Park — Moscow Government
20. Sokolniki Park Development Plan — Moscow Government
21. Historical and Cultural Study of Sokolniki Park — Moscow Government
22. Boundaries of Sokolniki Park — Moscow Government
23. American National Exhibition in Moscow — Office of the Historian
24. Kitchen Debate preparations — Office of the Historian
25. Historical Route through Sokolniki Park — Moscow Sport
26. Congressional Record: The U.S. National Exhibition in Moscow, 11 September 1959
27. Milestones in Expocentre’s History: the First Exhibition in 1959
28. Historical and Cultural Expert Assessment Report on Sokolniki Park: Sports Palaces Built in 1973–1974
29. Moscow Urban Sculpture Catalogue: To the Guardsmen of the Preobrazhensky Regiment
30. The History of Elektrozavod — ERSO
31. Atlas of Moscow's Cultural Heritage Sites
32. Historical and Cultural Expert Assessment Report on Sokolniki: the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, 1742–1747
33. Historical and Cultural Expert Assessment Report on Elektrozavodskaya Street: the Preobrazhensky Old Believer Complex
34. The First Exhibition in Sokolniki: the 1959 Geodesic Dome